荒漠绿洲农田垦殖过程中耕层土壤碳储量演变特征

以河西走廊中段临泽荒漠绿洲区为研究对象,通过实地调查结合遥感影像辨析确定农田的开垦年限,对比不同开垦背景的农田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳储量(SOCD)的变化特征,研究荒漠绿洲农田垦殖过程中SOCD的演变趋势.结果表明: 研究区农田耕层SOCD在2.41～32.97 t·hm^-2范围变动,平均值为17.22 t·hm^-2;盐碱地、戈壁和沙地背景农田SOCD平均值分别为19.36、16.10、15.93 t·hm^-2.随着开垦年限的增加,农田耕层SOCD呈增加趋势,但沙地和戈壁背景农田开垦20年后增加趋势放缓,盐碱地背景的农田在25年后才表现出放缓趋势;沙地、戈壁和盐碱地背景农田土壤有机碳(SOC)的固存速率分别为0.424、0.485、0.811 t·hm^-2·a^-1.SOCD与全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关,而与速效钾、pH相关性不显著.综上所述,荒漠绿洲盐碱地背景农田SOC的固存速率显著高于戈壁、沙地背景农田,但开垦30年后不同背景农田SOCD仍处于较低水平,需要针对不同开垦背景对绿洲农田进行管理以提高荒漠绿洲土地利用效率和生产力.     

Distribution of ground-dwelling beetles （Coleoptera） across a forest-clearcut ecotone in Wolong Natural Reserve, southwestern China

Abstract The influence of edge effect on ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera) across a forest-clearcut ecotone was studied in Wolong Natural Reserve, southwestern China. During the field research, a total of 30 739 beetles were collected with pitfall traps along transects, which extending 100 m from the edge into the forest interior and 100 m into the clearcut. Of the collection, Carabidae comprised 92%, Staphylinidae 3%, Curculionidae 2%, and Tenebrionidae 2%, and these four families can be considered as abundant groups. Family richness, Shannon diversity and equitability display a significant decrease from forest interior, edge to clearcut. Based on the family composition and abundance, ground-dwelling beetles of the forest interior can be separated from those in the clearcut by Principal coordinate analysis ordination, and beetle assemblages in the forest edge were more similar to forest assemblages than to those found in the clearcut by cluster analysis. Seasonal dynamics of family richness showed a monotone peak in the middle season, with a highest value in the forest interior and a lowest value in the clearcut. Family abundance showed two peaks in the middle season, always with more individuals in the clearcut than in the forest interior or in the edge. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the cover of shrub and litter were the two most important factors in determining family richness, Shannon diversity, equitability and abundance. Our results show that the forest edge and clearcut have obviously different composition and diversity of ground-dwelling beetles from forest interior at the family level. However, more edges have been formed due to increasing forest fragmentation (clearcutting or logging), so it is necessary to preserve large and intact forest to protect the diversity of ground-dwelling beetles in Wolong Natural Reserve.     

Fraying around the edges: negative effects of the invasive Tradescantia zebrina Hort. ex Bosse (Commelinaceae) on tree regeneration in the Atlantic Forest under different competitive and environmental conditions

Aims Invasive plants modify the structure and functioning of natural environments and threat native plant communities. Invasive species are often favored by human interference such as the creation of artificial forest edges. Field removal experiments may clarify if invasive plants are detrimental to native plant regeneration and how this is related to other local factors. We assessed the joint effect of environment and competition with the invasiveTradescantia zebrinaon tree species recruitment in an Atlantic Forest fragment.     

干旱绿洲区枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布特征

为了解枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布特征,以宁夏绿洲枸杞林为研究对象,于2018年的春、夏、秋季节,采用陷阱诱捕法,调查了地面节肢动物功能群季节分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果显示:(1)枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群包括植食性、捕食性、腐食性和杂食性动物,个体数分别占6.31%、86.75%、2.01%和4.89%,其中以捕食性动物为主。(2)植食性地面节肢动物个体数和生物量表现为春季显著高于秋季,夏季居中;类群数表现为夏季显著高于秋季,春季居中。捕食性地面节肢动物生物量表现为夏季和秋季显著高于春季;个体数和类群数在不同季节间均无显著差异。腐食性地面节肢动物个体数、生物量和类群数在不同季节间均无显著差异。杂食性地面节肢动物个体数和类群数表现为春季显著高于夏季,秋季居中;生物量在不同季节间均无显著差异。(3)相关分析表明,捕食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤含水量呈正相关关系,腐食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤全磷呈正相关关系,杂食性地面节肢动物与土壤全氮呈正相关关系。但植食性地面节肢动物个体数则与土壤含水量呈负相关关系,杂食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤温度和土壤全碳呈负相关关系。(4)pRDA分析表明,土壤含水量是影响地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布的主要环境因子。结论:随着季节更替,宁夏干旱绿洲区枸杞林地面节肢动物的功能群组成差异较大,功能多样性差异较小。说明每个功能群的个体数和类群数对季节变化敏感,但功能多样性较稳定。     

不同治沙措施对荒漠绿洲过渡带植物群落与土壤因子的影响

沙漠化是河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带土地退化的主要原因,科学合理的治沙措施能够有效控制风沙侵害,有助于植被-土壤系统的重建与恢复。多年来,治沙措施的研究主要集中在不同时间梯度下某种给定措施对植物群落及土壤的影响方面,对于同一时间段内不同类型措施产生的生态惠益尚缺乏足够认识。鉴于此,以流动沙地丘间地为对照,选取围栏封育+麦草沙障(Ge+Ws)、麦草沙障+人工梭梭(Ws+H)和尼龙沙障+人工梭梭(Nn+H)3种不同的治沙措施区为研究对象,通过群落学调查与土壤因子测定,研究了不同治沙措施影响下植物群落数量特征和土壤因子的变化规律与相互关系,并对各措施的生态效益进行了评价。结果表明：(1)植被方面,3种治沙措施影响下草本层和灌木层群落数量特征均呈增加趋势,其中Ge+Ws草本层恢复效果较佳,Ws+H和Nn+H灌木层恢复程度更明显;土壤方面,伴随植物群落的恢复,3种治沙措施均能大幅改善土壤全碳、全氮、有机质等主要养分,但同时对土壤水分带来负面效应,Ge+Ws、Ws+H及Nn+H的表层土壤含水量依次减少了37.99%、 31.37%和35.94%。(2)结构方程模型显示,治沙措施通过直接影响灌木和草本群落...     

川西亚高山森林林窗不同时期土壤转化酶和脲酶活性的特征

为了解川西亚高山森林林窗对不同时期土壤生态过程的影响,于2012年6月—2013年5月期间,根据温度动态过程,对比研究了生长季节(土壤完全融化期、生长季节前期和生长季节后期)与非生长季节(冻结初期、深冻期和融化期)川西亚高山粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)人工林林窗中心、林缘和林下土壤有机层和矿质土壤层转化酶和脲酶活性变化过程。结果表明:林窗不同区域中,土壤有机层转化酶活性均高于矿质土壤层;在生长季节,土壤有机层和矿质土转化酶活性表现为:林窗中心林下林缘,而脲酶活性表现为:林窗中心林缘林下。冻结初期和深冻期林窗中心土壤转化酶活性均高于林缘和林下,而在融化期林下转化酶活性高于林窗中心和林缘;冻结初期和融化期林下土壤脲酶活性显著高于林窗中心和林缘,而在深冻期林窗不同区域土壤脲酶活性没有显著差异。林窗不同区域在不同时期对土壤转化酶和脲酶活性的响应有着深刻影响。     

Matrix quality and disturbance frequency drive evolution of species behavior at habitat boundaries

Previous theoretical studies suggest that a species' landscape should influence the evolution of its dispersal characteristics, because landscape structure affects the costs and benefits of dispersal. However, these studies have not considered the evolution of boundary crossing, that is, the tendency of animals to cross from habitat to nonhabitat (“matrix”). It is important to understand this dispersal behavior, because of its effects on the probability of population persistence. Boundary‐crossing behavior drives the rate of interaction with matrix, and thus, it influences the rate of movement among populations and the risk of dispersal mortality. We used an individual‐based, spatially explicit model to simulate the evolution of boundary crossing in response to landscape structure. Our simulations predict higher evolved probabilities of boundary crossing in landscapes with more habitat, less fragmented habitat, higher‐quality matrix, and more frequent disturbances (i.e., fewer generations between local population extinction events). Unexpectedly, our simulations also suggest that matrix quality and disturbance frequency have much stronger effects on the evolution of boundary crossing than either habitat amount or habitat fragmentation. Our results suggest that boundary‐crossing responses are most affected by the costs of dispersal through matrix and the benefits of escaping local extinction events. Evolution of optimal behavior at habitat boundaries in response to the landscape may have implications for species in human‐altered landscapes, because this behavior may become suboptimal if the landscape changes faster than the species' evolutionary response to that change. Understanding how matrix quality and habitat disturbance drive evolution of behavior at boundaries, and how this in turn influences the extinction risk of species in human‐altered landscapes should help us identify species of conservation concern and target them for management.     

海南霸王岭天然次生林边缘效应下木质藤本与树木的关系

选择海南岛霸王岭天然恢复60 a的次生林样地中形成年限为17和13年的边缘,分别设置4条10 m100 m的样带,研究边缘效应下dbh ≥1 cm树木的攀藤率、被藤本攀附的频度和每木藤本数随距边缘距离的变化。结果表明：在0.8 hm2的样带中,树木的攀藤率分别为44.58%（17年边缘）和32.63%（13年边缘）。2种边缘中,dbh 1—5 cm、5—10 cm树木的攀藤率都随距离发生了变化,17年边缘中dbh ＞20 cm和13年边缘中dbh 10—20 cm树木的攀藤率都没有随距离的变化而变化。树木被藤本攀附的频度随距边缘距离的增加而降低,攀附3株以上藤本的树木最少,在17年边缘中变化趋势较明显;攀附1株藤本的树木最多,在13年边缘中变化明显。17年边缘中每木藤本数随距离增加而降低。在边缘形成初期,边缘形成年限对每木藤本数产生了影响,其在17年边缘中下降程度较大,但总体高于13年边缘中。